Journal of Distance Education & Research (JDER) is a peer reviewed open access bi-annual journal published by Virtual University of Pakistan. It provides a platform for the publication of research in the field of education and distance education. JDER welcomes research papers from academicians, practitioners and scholars from all over the world.  By welcoming interdisciplinary contributions from education and related fields, JDER fosters scholarships that effectively bridge theory and practice, informs policy and pedagogy, and advances transformative educational outcomes with global significance.