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Exploring Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Political Determinants of Child Labor in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholders’ Perspectives in Lahore
Dr. Shoukat Ali, Tayyab Riaz
Abstract:
Child labor continues to be a serious challenge in Pakistan, limiting children’s ability to learn, grow, and build better futures. Although laws and education programs exist, many children still end up working because their families depend on their income. This study uses a qualitative approach to understand the deeper reasons behind this issue. Through semi-structured interviews with NGO workers, government officials, lawyers, and community activists in Lahore, the research explores the social, economic, cultural, and political forces that keep child labor alive. Using thematic analysis, the study uncovers how poverty, unemployment, large family size, and the high cost of living push families to rely on their children’s earnings. Cultural beliefs—such as seeing work as a way to build responsibility—also normalize the practice. Weak law enforcement and corruption further make it difficult to protect vulnerable children. Many participants shared that even when schooling is free, poor families still struggle with indirect costs, causing parents to choose work over education for their children. Overall, the study highlights that reducing child labor requires more than just laws. It calls for stronger enforcement, financial support for poor households, community awareness, and accessible, high-quality education. Collaborative action between the government and civil society is essential to ensure that every child in Pakistan is given the chance to learn, grow, and live a safer and brighter life.
Keywords:
Child Labor, Socio-Economic Factors, Cultural Determinants, Political Influences, Poverty, Law Enforcement, Education Access, Lahore, Qualitative Study, Stakeholders’ Perspectives
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